Radiographic findings in acromegaly: pictorial essay / Achados radiográficos da acromegalia: ensaio iconográfico

Abstract Acromegaly is an uncommon metabolic disorder, often diagnosed after a long delay. One symptom seen in many patients with acromegaly is arthralgia, a finding that calls for the use of conventional radiography, which can reveal subtle changes that can go unnoticed. The objective of this pictorial essay is to portray the radiographic aspects of acromegaly, seeking to demonstrate the importance of conventional radiography, which, despite its simplicity, can suggest the diagnosis, even in the early stages, thus altering the clinical course of the disease.

Resumo A acromegalia é um distúrbio metabólico pouco frequente, muitas vezes apresentando grande atraso diagnóstico. A artralgia é um dos sintomas mais comumente encontrados nos pacientes acromegálicos, motivando a realização de radiografias convencionais, as quais podem apresentar achados sutis que podem passar despercebidos. O objetivo deste ensaio é retratar os achados radiográficos da acromegalia, buscando demonstrar a importância deste método que, apesar de simples, pode sugerir o diagnóstico, mesmo em fases iniciais, alterando assim o curso clínico da doença.

Ultrasound in cervical traumatic neuromas after neck dissection in thyroid carcinoma patients: descriptive analysis and diagnostic accuracy

ABSTRACT Objective: Cervical traumatic neuromas (CTNs) may appear after lateral neck dissection for metastatic thyroid carcinoma. If they are misdiagnosed as metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) in follow-up neck ultrasound (US), unnecessary and uncomfortable fine-needle aspiration biopsy are indicated. The present study aimed to describe US features of CTNs and to assess the US performance in distinguishing CTNs from abnormal LNs. Subjects and methods: Retrospective evaluation of neck US images of 206 consecutive patients who had lateral neck dissection as a part of thyroid cancer treatment to assess CTN's US features. Diagnostic accuracy study to evaluate US performance in distinguishing CTNs from abnormal LNs was performed. Results: Eight-six lateral neck nodules were selected for analysis: 38 CTNs and 48 abnormal LNs. CTNs with diagnostic cytology were predominantly hypoechogenic (100% vs. 45%; P = 0.008) and had shorter diameters than inconclusive cytology CTNs: short axis (0.39 cm vs. 0.50 cm; P = 0.03) and long axis (1.64 cm vs. 2.35 cm; P = 0.021). The US features with the best accuracy to distinguish CTNs from abnormal LNs were continuity with a nervous structure, hypoechogenic internal lines, short/long axis ratio ≤ 0.42, absent Doppler vascularization, fusiform morphology, and short axis ≤ 0.48 cm. Conclusion: US is a very useful method for assessing CTNs, with good performance in distinguishing CTNs from abnormal LNs.

Diagnostic performance of thyroid ultrasound in Hürthle cell carcinomas

ABSTRACT Objective Hürthle cell carcinomas (HCCs) of the thyroid have been recently reclassified as a separate entity due to their distinct clinical and molecular profiles. Few studies have assessed the ability of preoperative characteristics in differentiating HCCs from Hürthle cell adenomas (HCAs) due to the low prevalence of both lesions. This study aimed to compare the preoperative features of HCCs and HCAs and evaluate the diagnostic performance of ultrasound in distinguishing between both. Subjetcs and methods Retrospective study including 101 patients (52 HCCs and 49 HCAs) who underwent thyroid surgery from 2000 to 2016. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and histological data were reviewed. Diagnostic performance of suspicious sonographic features was analyzed in 51 cases (24 HCCs and 27 HCAs). Results Hürthle cell neoplasms were predominant in females. Subjects ≥ 55 years represented 58% of the cases of HCCs and 53% of those of HCAs. Carcinomas were significantly larger (p < 0.001), and a tumor size ≥ 4 cm significantly increased the risk of malignancy (odds ratio 3.67). Other clinical, cytologic, and sonographic data were similar between HCCs and HCAs. Among the HCCs, the lesions were purely solid in 54.2%, hypoechoic in 37.5%, and had coarse calcifications in 12.5%, microcalcifications in 8.3%, irregular contours in 4.2%, and a taller-than-wide shape in 16.7%. Predominantly/exclusive intranodular vascularization was observed in 52.6%. Overall, 58% of the HCCs were classified as TI-RADS 4 or 5 compared with 48% of the HCAs. TI-RADS 4 or 5 had a specificity of only 51.8% and a positive likelihood ratio of 1.21. Conclusions Apart from the lesion size, no other preoperative feature adequately distinguished HCCs from HCAs. Sonographic characteristics raising suspicion for malignancy, which are mostly present in papillary carcinomas, were infrequent in HCCs. New tools must be developed to improve preoperative diagnosis and deferral of surgery in cases of adenomas.

Angiotomografia computadorizada de coronárias com tomógrafo com 320 fileiras de detectores e utilizando o AIDR-3D: experiência inicial / Coronary computed tomography angiography with 320-row detector and using the AIDR-3D: initial experience

A angiotomografia computadorizada de coronárias (angioTC de coronárias) é um excelente método de imagem não invasivo para avaliar a doença arterial coronariana. Atualmente, a dose de radiação efetiva estimada da angioTC de coronárias pode ser reduzida em tomógrafos de última geração com múltiplos detectores, como o tomógrafo com 320 fileiras de detectores (320-CT), sem prejuízo na acurácia diagnóstica da angioTC de coronárias. Para reduzir ainda mais a dose de radiação, novos algoritmos de reconstrução iterativa foram recentemente introduzidos por vários fabricantes de tomógrafos, que atualmente são utilizados rotineiramente nesse exame. Neste trabalho, apresentamos nossa experiência inicial na angioTC de coronárias utilizando o 320-CT e o Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction 3D (AIDR-3D). Apresentamos ainda as indicações mais comuns desse exame na rotina da instituição bem como os protocolos de aquisição da, angioTC de coronárias com as atualizações relacionadas a essa nova técnica para reduzir a dose de radiação. Concluímos que a dose de radiação da angioTC de coronárias pode ser reduzida seguindo o princípio as low as reasonable achievable (tão baixo quanto razoavelmente exequível), combinando a indicação de exame com técnicas bem documentadas para a diminuição da dose de radiação, como o uso de betabloqueadores e a redução do kV, com os mais recentes aplicativos de reconstrução iterativa para redução da dose de radiação, como o AIDR-3D.

Coronary computed tomography angiography (coronary CTA) is a powerful non-invasive imaging method to evaluate coronary artery disease. Nowadays, coronary CTA estimated effective radiation dose can be dramatically reduced using state-of-the-art scanners, such as 320-row detector CT (320-CT), without changing coronary CTA diagnostic accuracy. To optimize and further reduce the radiation dose, new iterative reconstruction algorithms were released recently by several CT manufacturers, and now they are used routinely in coronary CTA. This paper presents our first experience using coronary CTA with 320-CT and the Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction 3D (AIDR-3D). In addition, we describe the current indications for coronary CTA in our practice as well as the acquisition standard protocols and protocols related to CT application for radiation dose reduction. In conclusion, coronary CTA radiation dose can be dramatically reduced following the "as low as reasonable achievable" principle by combination of exam indication and well-documented technics for radiation dose reduction, such as beta blockers, low-kV, and also the newest iterative dose reduction software as AIDR-3D.